Summary: - Vitamin D is an unusual vitamin because it acts like a hormone in your body. [, Buckley LM, Leib ES, Cartularo KS, Vacek PM, Cooper SM. Another meta-analysis of genetic studies in 146,581 participants (primarily adults) found that a low vitamin D status increased blood pressure and hypertension risk in people with genetic variants associated with low endogenous production of 25(OH)D [129]. Studies show that 25(OH)D appears to be approximately five times more potent than the parent vitamin for raising serum 25(OH)D concentrations [17,20,21]. Multiple sclerosis British Journal of Cancer 2014;111:976-80. The distinctive blue-black color which results from mixing starch and iodine is a simple and effective test. Intestinal absorption of vitamin D: A systematic review. In practice, however, people usually do not apply sufficient amounts of sunscreen, cover all sun-exposed skin, or reapply sunscreen regularly. It is found in fortified food and some supplements. Circulating vitamin D concentrations and risk of breast and prostate cancer: A Mendelian randomization study. Dietary supplements In a cohort of 4,733 men, of which 1,731 had prostate cancer, those with 25(OH)D levels of 4570 nmol/L (1828 ng/mL) had a significantly lower risk of the disease than men with either lower or higher values [109]. [, Malihi Z, Wu Z, Stewart AW, Lawes CMM, Scragg R. Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and kidney stones in long-term studies of vitamin D supplementation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. One study found that when the 25(OH)D content of beef, pork, chicken, turkey, and eggs is taken into account, the total amount of vitamin D in the food is 2 to 18 times higher than the amount in the parent vitamin alone, depending on the food [20]. In the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial (described above), vitamin D3 and calcium supplements had no effect on rates of colorectal cancer. Lung cancer A review of 71 observational studies in adults with and without type 2 diabetes from 16 countries found a significant inverse relationship between vitamin D status and blood sugar levels in participants who did and did not have diabetes [146]. It's also termed hypervitaminosis D. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin. [, Shea MK, Fielding RA, Dawson-Hughes B. [, Earthman CP, Beckman LM, Masodkar K, Sibley SD. Greater amounts of the pigment melanin in the epidermal layer of the skin result in darker skin and reduce the skins ability to produce vitamin D from sunlight [1]. [, Drinka PJ, Nolten WE. However, women with vitamin D intakes higher than 15 mcg (600 IU)/day at the start of the trial and who received the supplements experienced a 28% increased risk of invasive (but not in situ) breast cancer. - Vitamin D is made in the body when your skin absorbs ultraviolet light, but most people don't get enough sunlight to reach adequate levels Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D are reported in both nanomoles per liter (nmol/L) and nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). In 20132014, an estimated 3.2% of the U.S. adult population took supplements containing 100 mcg (4,000 IU) or more vitamin D [41]. Because endogenous vitamin D is derived from cholesterol, statins may also reduce vitamin D synthesis [167]. Vitamin D (also referred to as "calciferol") is a fat-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in a few foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. Practitioner 1984;228:312-3. The AAP also recommends 10 mcg (400 IU)/day supplemental vitamin D for all infants who are not breastfed and ingest less than 1,000 mL/day vitamin D-fortified formula or milk. [, Chakhtoura MT, Nakhoul N, Akl EA, Mantzoros CS, El Hajj Guleihan GA. [, Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW, Howard NS, Ascherio A. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. Best liquid: Designs for Health Liposomal D Supreme. [, Taylor CL, Roseland JM, Coates PM, Pehrsson PR. In fact, Black Americans might have a greater risk than White Americans of falls and fractures with daily vitamin D intakes of 50 mcg (2,000 IU) or more [14]. [, Travis RC, Perez-Cornago A, Appleby PN, Albanes D, Joshu CE, Lutsey PL, et al. Mushrooms, like humans and animals, produce vitamin D when exposed to . Vitamin D supplements and muscle function Again, the pattern was similar for the risk of inadequacy. In contrast to 25(OH)D, circulating 1,25(OH)2D is generally not a good indicator of vitamin D status because it has a short half-life measured in hours, and serum levels are tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphate [1]. Cforyourself is dedicated to the dissemination of information about vitamin C . However, comparing vitamin D intakes to serum 25(OH)D levels is problematic. [. Vitamin D supplementation and prevention of type 2 diabetes. Summary. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and risk of prostate cancer: Results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. J Clin Endorcinol Metab 2015;100:2339-46. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on improving glucose homeostasis and preventing diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Several forms of vitamin D exist.The two major forms are vitamin D 2 or ergocalciferol, and vitamin D 3 or cholecalciferol. Another study randomized 100 community-dwelling men and women aged 60 years and older (most were White) with serum 25(OH)D levels of 50 nmol/L (20 ng/ml) or less to 800 IU vitamin D3 or placebo for 1 year [86]. Some vitamin D3 is also converted to nonactive forms [1]. The human body produces vitamin D as a response to sun exposure. They use only USP ascorbic acid to produce their vitamin C products so you can be assured that you are getting the highest quality available. However, because research has been conducted on vitamin D and numerous health outcomes, this section focuses on seven diseases, conditions, and interventions in which vitamin D might be involved: bone health and osteoporosis, cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD), depression, multiple sclerosis (MS), type 2 diabetes, and weight loss. Among the 198 participants who died (41 deaths were due to prostate cancer), 25(OH)D levels were not associated with risk of death from prostate cancer or any cause [114]. Gratuit Vitamin C Wikipedia Vitamin C, also known as ascorbi. [, Helzlsouer KJ for the VDPP Steering Committee. Total vitamin D intakes were three times higher with supplement use than with diet alone; the mean intake from foods and beverages alone for individuals aged 2 and older was 4.8 mcg (192 IU) but increased to 19.9 mcg (796 IU) when dietary supplements were included. One recent clinical trial, for example, randomized 78 frail and near-frail adults aged 65 years and older to receive 20 mcg (800 IU) vitamin D3, 10 mcg 25(OH)D, or placebo daily for 6 months. Most trials of the effects of vitamin D supplements on bone health also included calcium supplements, so isolating the effects of each nutrient is difficult. JAMA 2018;319:1705-16. Some observational studies show associations between low serum levels of 25(OH)D and increased risks of cancer incidence and death. For many people, consuming vitamin D-fortified foods and exposing themselves to some sunlight are essential for maintaining a healthy vitamin D status. In 1935, the chemical structure of vitamin D 3 was defined and shown to result from the ultraviolet irradiation . Identification and systematic appraisal. Am J Clin Nutr 2016;104:1151-9. [, Han J, Guo X, Yu X, Liu S, Cui X, Zhang B, Liang H. 25-hydroxyvitamin D and total cancer incidence and mortality: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. It is also produced endogenously when ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight strike the skin and trigger vitamin D synthesis. Vitamin C helps in maintaining a healthy immune system, it aids in neutralizing pollutants, is needed for antibody production, acts to increase the absorption of nutrients (including iron) in the gut, and thins the blood. Journal of AOAC International 2017;100:1223-4. A meta-analysis of 3 randomized controlled trials in 1,273 men with prostate cancer found no significant differences in total mortality rates between those receiving vitamin D supplementation (from 10 mcg [400 IU]/day for 28 days to 45 mcg [1,800 IU] given in three doses total at 2-week intervals) and those receiving a placebo [116]. One study included 1,119 men treated for prostate cancer whose plasma 25(OH)D levels were measured 4.9 to 8.6 years after their diagnosis. While acknowledging that signs and symptoms of toxicity are unlikely at daily intakes below 250 mcg (10,000 IU), the FNB noted that even vitamin D intakes lower than the ULs might have adverse health effects over time. Sempos CT, Carter GD, Binkley NC. Among the women with two or more serum 25(OH)D samples taken before diagnosis (which reduced random measurement variation), a 50 nmol/L increase in 25(OH)D was associated with a 41% reduced risk of MS, and 25(OH)D levels less than 30 nmol/L were associated with an MS risk that was twice as high as levels of 50 nmol/L or higher. Circulating vitamin D and colorectal cancer risk: An international pooling project of 17 cohorts. Allergies, viruses and bacterial infections, auto-immune diseases, any malady that is tissue-related. [, Yao S, Kwan ML, Ergas IJ, Roh JM, Cheng T-YD, Hong C-C, et al. [, Gallagher JC. Vitamin D assays and the definition of hypovitaminosis D. Results from the First International Conference on Controversies in Vitamin D. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018;84:2194-207. However, some groups might need dietary supplements to meet their vitamin D requirements. Since 2014, however, several published studies and meta-analyses have found no relationship between 25(OH)D levels and prostate cancer risk [111,112]. Those of African American ancestry, for example, have lower rates of bone fracture and osteoporosis than do Whites (see the section below on bone health and osteoporosis). No improvement in depressive symptoms by vitamin D supplementation: Results from a randomised controlled trial. Intake recommendations for vitamin D and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by expert committees of NASEM [1]. Pages 939-57 in Feldman D, Pike JW, Bouillon R, Giovannucci E, Goltzman D, Hewison M, eds. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin produced by our body when our skin is exposed to ultraviolet rays from sunlight. Thiazide diuretics Furthermore, the bone health of older Black American women does not appear to benefit from raising serum 25(OH)D levels beyond 50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL) [84]. It stimulates insulin secretion via the vitamin D receptor on pancreatic beta cells and reduces peripheral insulin resistance through vitamin D receptors in the muscles and liver [143]. [, Creo AL, Thacher TD, Pettifor JM, Strand MA, Ficsher PR. These differences are a result of an incomplete understanding of the biology and clinical implications of vitamin D, different purposes for the guidelines (e.g., for public health in a healthy population or for clinical practice), and/or the use in some guidelines of observational studies in addition to randomized clinical trials to establish recommendations [9,15]. The trials administered different amounts of vitamin D (ranging from 10 mcg [400 IU]/day to 1,000 mcg [40,000 IU]/week). LeBoff MS, Chou SH, Ratliff KA, Cook NR, Khurana B, Kim E, et al. Thiazide diuretics (e.g., Hygroton, Lozol, and Microzide) decrease urinary calcium excretion. [, Xu Y, Shao X, Yao Y, Xu L, Chang L, Jiang Z, Lin Z. 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